Assessing Effects through Semi-Field and Field Toxicity Testing
- Publikations-Art
- Buchbeitrag
- Autoren
- PETTIS J., I. TORNIER, M. CLOOK, K. WALLNER, B. VAISSIERE, T. STADLER, W. HOU, G. MAYNARD, R. BECKER, M. COULSON, P. JOURDAN, M. KASINA
- Erscheinungsjahr
- 2014
- Veröffentlicht in
- Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators
- Verlag
- Whiley-Blackwell
- DOI
- 10.1002/9781118852408.ch9
- Seite (von - bis)
- 230ff
This chapter provides an overview of what to consider when planning or assessing either a semi-field or field study for toxicity testing. Elements in the design of semi-field and field studies encompass the study's objectives, the test organism, a study site, methods, endpoints, sample design, quality assurance and quality control standards, and the statistical analysis of the data. A semi-field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors in an enclosed test system with controlled or confined exposure. A field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors with no enclosure. The chapter describes the semi-field and field study for Apis and Non-Apis Bees. Monitoring schemes, for example, the UK Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS), rely on incidents being reported to a central organization.