Assessing Effects through Semi-Field and Field Toxicity Testing

Publication Type

Book chapter

Authors

PETTIS J., I. TORNIER, M. CLOOK, K. WALLNER, B. VAISSIERE, T. STADLER, W. HOU, G. MAYNARD, R. BECKER, M. COULSON, P. JOURDAN, M. KASINA

Year of publication

2014

Published in

Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators

Pubisher

Whiley-Blackwell

DOI

10.1002/9781118852408.ch9

Page (from - to)

230ff

This chapter provides an overview of what to consider when planning or assessing either a semi-field or field study for toxicity testing. Elements in the design of semi-field and field studies encompass the study's objectives, the test organism, a study site, methods, endpoints, sample design, quality assurance and quality control standards, and the statistical analysis of the data. A semi-field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors in an enclosed test system with controlled or confined exposure. A field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors with no enclosure. The chapter describes the semi-field and field study for Apis and Non-Apis Bees. Monitoring schemes, for example, the UK Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS), rely on incidents being reported to a central organization.